增加instagram粉丝 我国海产品进出口未来趋势分析

我国海产品进出口贸易方式有两种，既一般贸易和互市贸易。其中一般贸易较为正规，进口海产品要进行抽样检验、理化分析和微生物检测，检验合格后才能销售使用，而互市贸易由于其特殊的结关入境方式，贸易方式极为灵活，即在入境口岸现场直接结关入境，大多数入境海产品只能在口岸现场做感官检验，然后就通关进入国内市场销售流通，因而存在一定风险性。以互市方式进口的海产品占进口海产品总量的43％，如此大量的海产品互市贸易，如何处理好此类贸易方式，如何规避风险保障入境海产品质量安全，全面提升入境海产品检验监管有效性，对进口海产品的发展具有极大的重要性，是需要我们思考解决的问题。

我国海产品均为初级加工品，绝大多数是经海洋野生捕捞速冻或者捕捞后经初步加工速冻的海产品，这类海产品生长的海域基本无污染，产品在质量安全上风险不大，基本都在标准要求范围内。俄罗斯检验检验机构监管相对比较完善，来自开放海域野生捕捞的水生动物在农残药残、致病微生物、重金属残留等方面的安全性是值得认可和可信的。来自俄罗斯的入境食用水生动物在一定程度上是相对安全的，近几年来从俄罗斯进口的水产品，无论是法定入境检验还是监控检验，质量一直保持稳定，各个项目检测合格率全部达到100％。

而从朝鲜进口的海产品被检出质量问题的情况时有发生，不合格情况包括挥发性盐基氮超标、感官检验不合格、微生物超标等原因，全部为品质问题。这与其特殊的国情分不开，朝鲜电力供应长期不足，道路不通畅，从朝鲜进口的海产品在加工、包装、储藏、运输等条件上仍有不足?无法满足基本要求，而海产品本身易腐败变质，其对加工、包装、储藏、运输条件要求很高，尤其在夏季受高温影响，运输工具不能制冷，只能靠冰块降温，加之运输的时间较长和朝方通关手续繁琐，致使一些水产品在进口时其品质已经发生改变。同时朝鲜境内生

产食品企业的管理水平未能同 大部分 相统一，管理机制落后，更谈不上建立管理体系，企业生产员工素质参差不齐，政府职能部门管理比较松散、不规范，更谈不上规模化、标准化， 检验检疫水平比较落后。

关于无机砷、铅、镉、甲基汞、甲醛的检测。GBl0144—2005理化指标中无机砷项目只对贝类及虾蟹类做了限定指标，铅这一项目只对鱼类做了限定指标，没有对其他水产干制品制定此理化指标。但是由于目前海洋环境污染逐渐严重，海洋内许多种类的鱼都有积累现象，干制水产品中无机砷主要来源于原料，干制水产品在重金属等理化方面的检测项目过少，而同为一片水域出产的水产品是不会因为生熟、水分的减少而使原本富集在骨骼肌肉中的重金属减少的。由此可见，虽然在贝类及虾蟹类中无机砷更易富集，但是在其它种类的干制水产品中对于无机砷的检测也是不可或缺的。鉴于捕捞海域的污染，镉及甲基汞超标也成为干制水产品质量安全的新问题。汞是污染元素中富集作用比较强的，主要在动物体内蓄积，其在人体内的大量蓄积会导致呼吸系统、神经系统及骨骼发生病变。甲醛是福尔马林的主要成分，生产者为了防止运输途中或加工过程中水产品的变质，往往先将水产品浸泡或喷洒福尔马林，大部分都用甲醛处理，海鲜和用水泡发的食物相对比较严重。从而使蛋白质凝固起到防腐的作用。甲醛在人体内的蓄积同样对皮肤、呼吸粘膜产生影响，甚至成为癌症发生的因素之一。

Detection of inorganic arsenic, lead, cadmium, methylmercury and formaldehyde. Among the physical and chemical indicators in gbl0144-2005, inorganic arsenic only has limited indicators for shellfish, shrimp and crab, while lead only has limited indicators for fish, and this physical and chemical indicator is not formulated for other dried aquatic products. However, due to the increasingly serious marine environmental pollution, many kinds of fish in the sea have accumulated. Inorganic arsenic in dry aquatic products mainly comes from raw materials. There are too few physical and chemical detection items such as heavy metals in dry aquatic products, and aquatic products produced in the same water area will not be due to raw and cooked The reduction of water reduces the heavy metals originally enriched in skeletal muscle. It can be seen that although inorganic arsenic is more easily enriched in shellfish, shrimp and crab, the detection of inorganic arsenic is also indispensable in other kinds of dried aquatic products. In view of the pollution of fishing areas, cadmium and methylmercury exceeding the standard have also become a new problem for the quality and safety of dried aquatic products. Mercury plays a strong role in the enrichment of polluting elements. It mainly accumulates in animals. Its large accumulation in human body will lead to diseases of respiratory system, nervous system and bone. Formaldehyde is the main component of formalin. In order to prevent the deterioration of reclaimed water products during transportation or processing, producers often soak or spray formalin on aquatic products first. Most of them are treated with formaldehyde. Seafood and blistered food are relatively serious. So as to solidify the protein and play the role of anti-corrosion. The accumulation of formaldehyde in human body also affects the skin and respiratory mucosa, and even becomes one of the factors of cancer.

海产品生产加工的一个重要环节就是晾硒，这个步骤直接影响到海产品的卫生及质量安全。但由于我国很多海产品企业规模小，工艺落后，场地条件羞，海产品晾晒很不规范，没有严格统一的卫生标准。每当到了晾晒的时节，许多地方村屯几乎每家每户都在晾晒海产品，在住所旁、院子里、甚至垃圾堆边、厕所附近，能支起晾晒架的地方就都被利用起来晾海产品，并且多数企业在晾晒前都不会清洗，在晾晒过程中的卫生及质量安全无法保证，所以欧美日等 都对发展中 的海产品敬而远之。

An important link in the production and processing of seafood is selenium drying, which directly affects the health, quality and safety of seafood. However, due to the small scale, backward technology and ashamed site conditions of many seafood enterprises in China, the drying of seafood is not standardized and there is no strict and unified hygienic standard. When it comes to drying season, almost every household in many local villages is drying seafood. The place where the drying rack can be erected is used to dry seafood next to the residence, in the yard, even near the garbage dump and near the toilet. Moreover, most enterprises do not clean before drying, so the hygiene and quality safety in the drying process can not be guaranteed, Therefore, Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries are far away from the seafood of developing countries.